I am a web master
I am a web master,YOU can visit MY websit:http://www.wxfree.com, there were a lot of free literature. I will creat a Englis website about free literature a month late!
2007年4月26日星期四
2007年4月24日星期二
access to science direct---verygood literature
http://www.sunysccc.edu:2048/login
108982
Schenectady Gazette
Reference Universe
XRefer Plus
LexisNexis
Gale/Infotrac Basic
Gale/Infotrac Health Reference
Dialog at CARL
GaleNet
Photo Archive
Science Direct
Harpers Weekly
First Search
Direct Online Access Journals
PsycArticles
CQ Researcher
CQ Encyclopedia of American Government
Hoovers
Business & Company Resource Center
EBSCO Online
EBSCO EmpireLink New
EBSCOhost All Databases New
EBSCOhost Academic Search Elite New
EBSCOhost Health New
EBSCOhost Hospitality and Tourism
New York Times archive
ARTstor
108982
Schenectady Gazette
Reference Universe
XRefer Plus
LexisNexis
Gale/Infotrac Basic
Gale/Infotrac Health Reference
Dialog at CARL
GaleNet
Photo Archive
Science Direct
Harpers Weekly
First Search
Direct Online Access Journals
PsycArticles
CQ Researcher
CQ Encyclopedia of American Government
Hoovers
Business & Company Resource Center
EBSCO Online
EBSCO EmpireLink New
EBSCOhost All Databases New
EBSCOhost Academic Search Elite New
EBSCOhost Health New
EBSCOhost Hospitality and Tourism
New York Times archive
ARTstor
2007年4月23日星期一
free literature
https://dspace.ucalgary.ca/handle/1880/374
calgary university
http://dspace.library.cornell.edu/index.jsp
cornell university
http://dspace.anu.edu.au/
national university
https://dspace.gla.ac.uk/index.jsp
University of Glasgow
http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/31316
Cambridge university
calgary university
http://dspace.library.cornell.edu/index.jsp
cornell university
http://dspace.anu.edu.au/
national university
https://dspace.gla.ac.uk/index.jsp
University of Glasgow
http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/31316
Cambridge university
2007年4月22日星期日
EZ
proxy.virginia.edu:4000
gbf3w
http://bbs.dxphb.cn/register.php?fromuid=353
http://libinfo.uark.edu/eresources/titles.asp
用户名：Smith
http://bbs.dxphb.cn/register.php?fromuid=353
密码：001141449
http://bbs.dxphb.cn/register.php?fromuid=353
https://proxy.bsu.edu/login?
testep// hawk11
http://biblioteca.uprrp.edu:2048/menu
Torres / 0098
http://eresources.lib.unc.edu/eid/
dxphb
SCIcreate2007%
gbf3w
http://bbs.dxphb.cn/register.php?fromuid=353
http://libinfo.uark.edu/eresources/titles.asp
用户名：Smith
http://bbs.dxphb.cn/register.php?fromuid=353
密码：001141449
http://bbs.dxphb.cn/register.php?fromuid=353
https://proxy.bsu.edu/login?
testep// hawk11
http://biblioteca.uprrp.edu:2048/menu
Torres / 0098
http://eresources.lib.unc.edu/eid/
dxphb
SCIcreate2007%
On April 22 classical periodical literature resources
Several overseas libraries entrances
Https://dspace.ucalgary.ca/handle/1880/374
Calgary university
Http://dspace.library.cornell.edu/index.jsp
Cornell university
Http://dspace.anu.edu.au/
National university
Https://dspace.gla.ac.uk/index.jsp
University of Glasgow
Http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/31316
Cambridge university
Overseas free electronic books resources
Http://ir.ub.rug.nl/
The isomerism resources unification retrieves the platform
Http://61.153.1.148:8080/isomer/index.jsp
User: Gust
Password: Gust
The country grinds the net mirror image
Http://www.xmdx.gov.cn:8387/default.aspx
Shanghai numeral library full text retrieval system and other free full text/title retrievals
Now the free test, quickly registers.
Simultaneously other full text retrievals includes:
Google books search
Http://books.google.cn/
Ultra star knowledge library
Http://learn.ssreader.com/
All is free.
Wuhan technical University network, continuing education institute numeral books
Http://wutde.whut.edu.cn/onews.asp? Id=330
Account number and password: 030.044344015 billion / 030.044344015 billion
After enters, clicks on my digital library, may the on-line browsing books, the book not be many.
Uygur Pu account number
Http://dlut.cqvip.com/index.asp
User: Ahnu password: Ahnuwh
Okcu.edu EZ
Https://ezproxy.okcu.edu/login
Mwan.stu/mattyw
Https://dspace.ucalgary.ca/handle/1880/374
Calgary university
Http://dspace.library.cornell.edu/index.jsp
Cornell university
Http://dspace.anu.edu.au/
National university
Https://dspace.gla.ac.uk/index.jsp
University of Glasgow
Http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/31316
Cambridge university
Overseas free electronic books resources
Http://ir.ub.rug.nl/
The isomerism resources unification retrieves the platform
Http://61.153.1.148:8080/isomer/index.jsp
User: Gust
Password: Gust
The country grinds the net mirror image
Http://www.xmdx.gov.cn:8387/default.aspx
Shanghai numeral library full text retrieval system and other free full text/title retrievals
Now the free test, quickly registers.
Simultaneously other full text retrievals includes:
Google books search
Http://books.google.cn/
Ultra star knowledge library
Http://learn.ssreader.com/
All is free.
Wuhan technical University network, continuing education institute numeral books
Http://wutde.whut.edu.cn/onews.asp? Id=330
Account number and password: 030.044344015 billion / 030.044344015 billion
After enters, clicks on my digital library, may the on-line browsing books, the book not be many.
Uygur Pu account number
Http://dlut.cqvip.com/index.asp
User: Ahnu password: Ahnuwh
Okcu.edu EZ
Https://ezproxy.okcu.edu/login
Mwan.stu/mattyw
How to do a literature search
What is a literature search?
A literature search involves using a range of resources to find books, journals, databases and web sites that are concerned with the subject you are researching, in order to produce a list of references for you to consult. This search may require you to find material held in other libraries.
Always keep a list of all the references you find as you go along and then list them at the end of your piece of work in the bibliography.
[back to top]
Where do I start?
Start by defining your topic precisely. This might involve using dictionaries, encyclopedias and thesauri to find related terms and phrases to describe the exact subject you have been given. Use our quick reference sections in the Libraries to look up general background information and find the keywords you will use later on.
Now start by looking at the books that we hold here at the University, by searching on the library catalogue. A basic keyword search is a good starting point. Once you have identified some items of use, you can click on each title, then the Shelfmark link, to find related works which are shelved near to the items you have identified.
[back to top]
How do I search through all the journals?
Searching through printed journals, looking at Contents Lists, is a daunting task. A better way to search the journal literature is to find a specialist database that covers your subject area. You can then carry out a keyword search using the search terms you defined earlier.
Kingston University subscribes to a wide range of databases which are listed on our website in subject groupings http://www.kingston.ac.uk/library/eresources/general/eresubject.htm and alphabetically http://www.kingston.ac.uk/library/eresources/general/eresalpha.htm
[back to top]
Could I go straight to the internet?
The popular general search engines on the web (eg. Google, Alta Vista, Yahoo) are useful as a starting point, but to avoid retrieving inappropriate information it is important to remember the following:
There is no guarantee of the origin of the web sites listed by search engines. Web pages may be created by individuals (sometimes with limited knowledge of the subject) or by multi-national organisations, so always check the source of the web page you are accessing.
The author of a web page may have a particular bias.
Consider whether the author is an authority on their subject and whether they can be considered sufficiently expert in their field to be cited in your assignment.
Check when the page was created or last updated. Nobody weeds the Internet for out of date or inaccurate material.
[back to top]
Are there any short-cuts on the Internet?
You can use a "Subject Gateway" which is a collection of Internet resources arranged by subject. Most gateways include a keyword search option and the majority of resources listed will have been evaluated by experts. Use academic gateways such as:
Resource Discovery Network http://www.rdn.ac.uk
Pinakes http://www.hw.ac.uk/libwww/irn/pinakes/pinakes.html
BUBL http://www.bubl.ac.uk/
to ensure your research includes material of appropriate academic quality.
[back to top]
I've got my list of references, what do I do next?
Check the library catalogue to see whether we hold them here at Kingston. Remember you can only search the library catalogue for journal titles not individual articles.
Alternatively, for a comprehensive list of all the electronic journals that you can access go to:
http://fq4dk7fa6s.search.serialssolutions.com/ This provides an A-Z listing of journals which may be searched by journal title or browsed by subject.
[back to top]
What if the references I find aren't held at the university?
You may be able to find them in another university library. Use different catalogues to help your search:
Other Library Catalogues gives access to other university and public library catalogues, including the cross-searchable catalogues of the M25 Consortium of libraries.
You may be able to visit relevant libraries if they are part of one of the co-operative schemes which allow access for students from other institutions (e.g. UK Libraries Plus). If you are a final year or postgraduate student then you can also use our interlibrary loans service to obtain photocopies of articles held at other libraries or to borrow books held elsewhere. Interlibrary loan forms are available from the Enquiry desks at each site.
Remember that the range of material that you need to locate will depend on the depth of research required for each piece of coursework. Information for the majority of your assignments should be available in Kingston University library. However, for your final year project or dissertation you will almost certainly need to use other libraries which specialise in your area of research.
[back to top]
Where can I go if I get stuck?
Library staff at the Enquiry desks in the LRCs will always be able advise you on the appropriate database to search or whether there are any specialist collections you should look at. They also hold factsheets listing sources of information on specific subject areas. Library staff are always prepared to help but remember they can't actually do the searching for you.
[back to top]
I've found too much material, how can I cut it down?
It is very easy to succumb to information overload. Think about your assignment and the ways in which you can make your search for information more precise.
Do you require only recent information? In which case, limit your searches by date of publication.
Are you only interested in one particular location? Try limiting your search by geographical area.
Search only for material published in languages you can read.
Do you require a certain type of information eg. government publications, or maybe only images or film. There are specific databases to handle these types of search.
[back to top]
How do I present my results?
At the end of your piece of work you need to attach a bibliography, listing all the sources you consulted for your research. So make sure you have kept a list of all the sources you have used, this includes web pages, videos, journals etc. Your tutor will tell you how to cite ie. list the references. There are several established ways of doing this. The most commonly used are:
A literature search involves using a range of resources to find books, journals, databases and web sites that are concerned with the subject you are researching, in order to produce a list of references for you to consult. This search may require you to find material held in other libraries.
Always keep a list of all the references you find as you go along and then list them at the end of your piece of work in the bibliography.
[back to top]
Where do I start?
Start by defining your topic precisely. This might involve using dictionaries, encyclopedias and thesauri to find related terms and phrases to describe the exact subject you have been given. Use our quick reference sections in the Libraries to look up general background information and find the keywords you will use later on.
Now start by looking at the books that we hold here at the University, by searching on the library catalogue. A basic keyword search is a good starting point. Once you have identified some items of use, you can click on each title, then the Shelfmark link, to find related works which are shelved near to the items you have identified.
[back to top]
How do I search through all the journals?
Searching through printed journals, looking at Contents Lists, is a daunting task. A better way to search the journal literature is to find a specialist database that covers your subject area. You can then carry out a keyword search using the search terms you defined earlier.
Kingston University subscribes to a wide range of databases which are listed on our website in subject groupings http://www.kingston.ac.uk/library/eresources/general/eresubject.htm and alphabetically http://www.kingston.ac.uk/library/eresources/general/eresalpha.htm
[back to top]
Could I go straight to the internet?
The popular general search engines on the web (eg. Google, Alta Vista, Yahoo) are useful as a starting point, but to avoid retrieving inappropriate information it is important to remember the following:
There is no guarantee of the origin of the web sites listed by search engines. Web pages may be created by individuals (sometimes with limited knowledge of the subject) or by multi-national organisations, so always check the source of the web page you are accessing.
The author of a web page may have a particular bias.
Consider whether the author is an authority on their subject and whether they can be considered sufficiently expert in their field to be cited in your assignment.
Check when the page was created or last updated. Nobody weeds the Internet for out of date or inaccurate material.
[back to top]
Are there any short-cuts on the Internet?
You can use a "Subject Gateway" which is a collection of Internet resources arranged by subject. Most gateways include a keyword search option and the majority of resources listed will have been evaluated by experts. Use academic gateways such as:
Resource Discovery Network http://www.rdn.ac.uk
Pinakes http://www.hw.ac.uk/libwww/irn/pinakes/pinakes.html
BUBL http://www.bubl.ac.uk/
to ensure your research includes material of appropriate academic quality.
[back to top]
I've got my list of references, what do I do next?
Check the library catalogue to see whether we hold them here at Kingston. Remember you can only search the library catalogue for journal titles not individual articles.
Alternatively, for a comprehensive list of all the electronic journals that you can access go to:
http://fq4dk7fa6s.search.serialssolutions.com/ This provides an A-Z listing of journals which may be searched by journal title or browsed by subject.
[back to top]
What if the references I find aren't held at the university?
You may be able to find them in another university library. Use different catalogues to help your search:
Other Library Catalogues gives access to other university and public library catalogues, including the cross-searchable catalogues of the M25 Consortium of libraries.
You may be able to visit relevant libraries if they are part of one of the co-operative schemes which allow access for students from other institutions (e.g. UK Libraries Plus). If you are a final year or postgraduate student then you can also use our interlibrary loans service to obtain photocopies of articles held at other libraries or to borrow books held elsewhere. Interlibrary loan forms are available from the Enquiry desks at each site.
Remember that the range of material that you need to locate will depend on the depth of research required for each piece of coursework. Information for the majority of your assignments should be available in Kingston University library. However, for your final year project or dissertation you will almost certainly need to use other libraries which specialise in your area of research.
[back to top]
Where can I go if I get stuck?
Library staff at the Enquiry desks in the LRCs will always be able advise you on the appropriate database to search or whether there are any specialist collections you should look at. They also hold factsheets listing sources of information on specific subject areas. Library staff are always prepared to help but remember they can't actually do the searching for you.
[back to top]
I've found too much material, how can I cut it down?
It is very easy to succumb to information overload. Think about your assignment and the ways in which you can make your search for information more precise.
Do you require only recent information? In which case, limit your searches by date of publication.
Are you only interested in one particular location? Try limiting your search by geographical area.
Search only for material published in languages you can read.
Do you require a certain type of information eg. government publications, or maybe only images or film. There are specific databases to handle these types of search.
[back to top]
How do I present my results?
At the end of your piece of work you need to attach a bibliography, listing all the sources you consulted for your research. So make sure you have kept a list of all the sources you have used, this includes web pages, videos, journals etc. Your tutor will tell you how to cite ie. list the references. There are several established ways of doing this. The most commonly used are:
Literature Search
Literature Search
The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) literature search is comprehensive and systematic. Detailed protocols guide the entire literature search process. At the beginning of the process, relevant journals, organizations, and experts are identified. The WWC searches core sources and additional topic-specific sources identified by members of the review team. The process is fully and publicly documented.
Trained WWC staff members use the following strategies in collecting studies:
Hand Searches: hand search the past 20 years (on average) of core journals relevant to all topics plus topic-relevant journals;
Electronic Databases: identify keywords for each topic and search a variety of electronic databases for relevant studies;
Submissions: incorporate studies submitted by the public;
Conference Proceedings: search the conference proceedings of core and topic-relevant associations; contact individuals with potentially relevant presentations for their papers;
Website Searches: search the websites of core and topic-relevant organizations and collect potentially relevant studies; and
Extensive Outreach: contact topic experts and relevant organizations to request studies as well as to request recommendations of other people and organizations that are able to provide studies.
The collected studies are screened first for relevance to the topic followed by a basic methodology screening. The studies that remain go through a more rigorous methodology screening. Those studies that meet the threshold relevancy and methodology criteria are then reviewed against the WWC Evidence Standards.
The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) literature search is comprehensive and systematic. Detailed protocols guide the entire literature search process. At the beginning of the process, relevant journals, organizations, and experts are identified. The WWC searches core sources and additional topic-specific sources identified by members of the review team. The process is fully and publicly documented.
Trained WWC staff members use the following strategies in collecting studies:
Hand Searches: hand search the past 20 years (on average) of core journals relevant to all topics plus topic-relevant journals;
Electronic Databases: identify keywords for each topic and search a variety of electronic databases for relevant studies;
Submissions: incorporate studies submitted by the public;
Conference Proceedings: search the conference proceedings of core and topic-relevant associations; contact individuals with potentially relevant presentations for their papers;
Website Searches: search the websites of core and topic-relevant organizations and collect potentially relevant studies; and
Extensive Outreach: contact topic experts and relevant organizations to request studies as well as to request recommendations of other people and organizations that are able to provide studies.
The collected studies are screened first for relevance to the topic followed by a basic methodology screening. The studies that remain go through a more rigorous methodology screening. Those studies that meet the threshold relevancy and methodology criteria are then reviewed against the WWC Evidence Standards.
ez password and uid
EBSCO
http://search.epnet.com
UserID: iowavalley Password: welcome
alkhazindar.com.sa ez
http://www.alkhazindar.com.sa/onlinejournals
kfulibrary/alhassa
Regent University Library ez
https://eres.regent.edu/login
usename:htamajoh,password:e35y6u
okcu.edu
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mwan.stu/mattyw
umdnj.edu ez
http://libproxy2.umdnj.edu/login
u:smith p:0004
http://search.epnet.com
UserID: iowavalley Password: welcome
alkhazindar.com.sa ez
http://www.alkhazindar.com.sa/onlinejournals
kfulibrary/alhassa
Regent University Library ez
https://eres.regent.edu/login
usename:htamajoh,password:e35y6u
okcu.edu
https://ezproxy.okcu.edu/login
mwan.stu/mattyw
umdnj.edu ez
http://libproxy2.umdnj.edu/login
u:smith p:0004
Literature searching for your essay, dissertation or project
What is a literature search?
A literature search is a systemic search of the various formal and informal publications used to disseminate academic research in order to find items relevant to your area of interest. The primary focus should be on the formal material which includes books from recognised academic publishers, articles published in refereed academic journals, conference papers and theses, all of which have had some form of peer or editorial review. There are specific services that enable you to undertake such searches: Library catalogues and bibliographical databases which index academic journals, conference proceedings and sometimes other types of academic publication. The more informal methods of communication (those which have not yet been submitted for peer-review) include technical reports, working papers, preprints from recognised individual researchers or research institutions - some of these are included in the bibliographical databases but most have to be traced through other means.
An effective literature search will establish that no-one else has already undertaken the piece of research that you are intending to undertake but also find any existing research that has already been done in related areas. No research is undertaken in a vacuum: your research will build on previous research and will in turn become one of the building blocks of the research of others. Reading previous research will enable you to acquire a broad understanding of your topic, to determine what are the key issues and to put your own area of interest into context.
Please note that a search of the World Wide Web is NOT a substitute for searching library catalogues and bibliographical databases to find relevant academic literature but can provide some useful additional sources, including the more informal material such as working papers and reports.
How do I do an effective literature search?
You need to identify the main types of publication used to disseminate original research in your subject area as this varies between disciplines, and then to discover the best tools to use to search for relevant items. Journal articles and conference papers are significant in all subject areas. Books are still very significant in the publication of original research in the humanities and social sciences, but are more rarely used for this purpose in pure science, engineering and medicine. Certain disciplines also have types of scholarly literature specific to them: these are usually the more informal materials such as working papers in economics and technical reports in science and engineering.
How do I search for books?
Original research in book form can be either a book by a single author (commonly known as the scholarly monograph) or a book containing a collection of chapters by different authors on their area of expertise within a particular subject. Even if books are not widely used to disseminate original research in your discipline, you will probably find it helpful to consult some books that give an overview of your subject, background or technical information and research methodologies.
Library catalogues
You can use library catalogues both to find what is available to you in libraries which you can access and also to find what has been published. Keyword is a term used for the words (or phrases) which describe your subject and most catalogues have a general search which may be called keyword or subject. Keyword search usually searches indexes of words taken from the title of the book, the subtitle and the series title if there is one. However, relying on this information alone is not always enough as few titles encompass all of the subjects covered by the book so most libraries also assign a range of subject headings, standard terms used to describe subjects, and these are included when you undertake a keyword search. Copac at http://www.copac.ac.uk/ is a union catalogue of over 20 UK research libraries plus the British Library.
Bibliographies
Printed bibliographies are a useful way of finding books, if there happens to be one available for your subject. Try searching Star using keywords and the word bibliography. If you don't find anything on your specific subject, try a broader subject term then see if there is a section on your topic. However, bear in mind that these will not contain recent references. Even a newly published one will probably not have anything published in the last year or so, so you would need to use some of the other sources listed to bring yourself up to date.
Bibliographical databases
The bibliographical databases, which will be described more fully in the section on journals below, are mainly indexes of journals and conference proceedings but some, particularly in the social sciences and humanities, include books. Even ones which only index journals and conferences may index book reviews, that is critical descriptions of recently published books, which often form part of the contents of journals. This is not a comprehensive search for books but it can be helpful in identifying significant books as these tend to be the ones reviewed and thus indexed. Most of the databases enable you to limit your search to books (if indexed) or to book reviews.
How can I find relevant journal articles, conference papers and theses?
Online bibliographical databases
The library subscribes to a range of online bibliographical databases which are the key resources to help you to identify relevant journal articles and conference papers. These databases are indexes containing records for individual journal articles, conference papers, theses etc. You can search the database in a number of ways, but the main purpose is to enable you to find records on a particular subject. They do not contain the full text of the publications but give what is known as the citation: authors and title of the article and full details of where it was published. This citation is very important - it gives you all the information you need to try to obtain the article and, when given in your bibliography (see below), will enable anyone reading your work to refer back to it. In some cases the record includes a summary, known as an abstract.
The databases hare updated regularly and will go back for a number of years, in some cases as many as 40. Access to these databases is limited to members of the University. Full information on access is given on the information page for each title which can be found by following the links from the subject guides. If you already know the name of a useful resource you can check the alphabetical table of databases and datasets at http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/cdlists/cdtable.html.
Printed indexes
Most of the online bibliographical databases to which the library subscribes evolved from printed indexes and if you want to find references which predate the coverage of the electronic databases you will have to refer to the print run. There are also one or two subject areas for which an electronic databases is not available so that the current coverage is also supplied by a print index. If you are using a print index you will have to look at the subject headings used in the index and see which are the ones closest to your subject area. The subject guide to resources include some print indexes, but you can also search the library catalogue using broad subject terms and the word index or abstract.
Theses
Theses can also be a useful source of original research and the library subscribes to Dissertations Abstracts at http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/cdfiles/dissabs.html which covers 500 universities worldwide but with an emphasis on North America and Index to Theses http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/cdfiles/intheses.html which covers the UK.
How can I find which resources to use?
Subject guides are available at http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/docssub.html or from Library Enquiry Desks. These cover a range of resources including online and print bibliographical resources.
How should I prepare my search?
Preparation is important. You need to think about the subject you want to research and prepare what is known as a search strategy so that you will find all the relevant material without too much that is irrelevant. This involves identifying the words and phrases which best describe your subject and how to link them together. When preparing your search strategy be aware that you are searching indexes of the words and phrases used in the title of the article and the abstract (the summary). In most databases you will also be searching an index based on descriptors or subject headings: these are standard terms assigned to each article so that all articles on a topic will have the same descriptor, regardless of the terminology used by the author. This is particularly helpful where there are differences in terminology between authors or countries and in newly evolving topics, where the terminology has not yet stabilised.
An accompanying guide to database searching at http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/ml-rs12.pdf gives you detailed guidance on constructing an effective search for use in electronic databases, particularly these bibliographical databases.
What have I got from my searches?
What you will retrieve from your search is a list of records which describe individual items. These will mainly be journal articles and conference papers but, in the case of some databases, chapters in books, technical reports and other documents.
For each item you are given what is know as the citation for that particular reference. For example, for a journal article the information will be the title of the article, the full list of authors, the title of the journal in which it is published with the volume, part, year and pages numbers at which it can be found. For a book you would see the author(s) or editor(s), the title, the date of publication, the publisher and/or place ofpublication and the edition if it is not the first edition. Any reference you make to the item should include all of this information.
In many databases there will be additional information: an abstract or summary will give you more information about the article and descriptors will help to establish which are the key topics covered by the article. You may need to click on a button to view the full information. This can help you to decide how important the article is to you.
You can use all of these pieces of information to decide whether the article is relevant. Most databases will allow you to mark the ones you want to retain. Look for tick boxes beside the individual records and then a button to click to create a list just containing the marked records.
Can I only search by subject?
The main function of bibliographical databases is to enable you to search for items on a particular subject but you can almost always search by author, so if you know that someone is writing on your subject then you can search for anything s/he has written. You can often also search for articles in a particular journal and some database offer further refinements, such as Web of Knowledge where you can search by institution.
Can I trace the history of research in my subject?
Almost all such published research will include a list of references: other articles, books etc that the author has referred to or used in the course of writing the article. The Web of Knowledge database (which covers all academic subjects) at http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/cdfiles/wos.html lists these for each article indexed - click on the cited reference button to find them.
There is also a button saying Related Records. This displays a list of articles whose cited reference lists include at least one of the sources cited by the original (parent) article. Articles that share the largest number of sources with the original article are listed first. The assumption behind related record searching is that articles whose reference lists include some of the same sources have a subject relationship, regardless of whether their titles, abstracts, or keywords contain the same terms. The Times Cited button will take you to list of articles indexed by the database which has in turn cited the article you are looking at.
There is also a Cited Reference search. You may know of an article may have started the whole line of research you are part of, or an author may be the key researcher in the subject. You can use Cited Reference search to find articles from journals that have cited a known article or author. Through a cited reference search, you can discover how a known idea or innovation has been confirmed, applied, improved, extended or corrected.
How do I manage the results of my searches?
What if I've only got a handful of records - or too many?
You may need to revise your search strategy on either library catalogues or bibliographical databases in light of the results you retrieve. For example, if you conduct a very specific search and only retrieve a small number of results you may need to supplement this with a slightly broader search. Alternatively, you might find that you are retrieving too many results and may need to find ways of narrowing the search. This may mean using more specific terms or finding ways of excluding irrelevant uses of some of the words you are using, if they can appear in several contexts. Look again at the information on constructing your search to help you with this. If not all of the references are relevant but you don't think that you can refine your search in a way that will easily exclude the less relevant ones, then you can use the mark facility to select those of interest.
Is that it?
Once you have obtained some of the items you have found during your search (see below) you should look at any lists of references or bibliographies as they may contain useful material. If you are undertaking the research over a long period, e.g. a 3rd year research project during a whole academic session, or a Master's Dissertation, then you should go back and rerun at least the most important searches again to find any new material.
How do I keep track of what I've done?
You will probably search several catalogues, databases or printed abstracts in order to do a comprehensive literature search and may need to run a range of searches. It is important therefore that you store your results systematically: create separate directories for each topic and each database and give each individual file a meaningful name. If your research is undertaken over period of more than a few weeks, you may want to rerun the search at intervals to pick up new materials, so it may be helpful include the date in the filename..
How do I save the results?
If you are using a library catalogue or a printed abstracts you may need to copy the details of the items retrieved into some permanent form. You should always make sure that whatever permanent record that you keep contains the full citation (as defined above) so that you can find the item yourself and so that you can cite it properly in your bibliography. You may find it helpful to use one of the
reference management applications
(see http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/refmant/refmant.html) designed to help you manage your references and create bibliographies.
Most electronic databases offer a variety of ways of preserving your results: you can print the screen, save to a file or send the results to yourself via email. You may also be also be able to export in a format suitable for downloading into one of the reference management applications.
How do I get hold of the originals?
Once you have found a reasonable number of references you need to think about which ones you want to read. If you are researching a fairly specific topic you may need to read everything that has been written on it already, if you are looking at a broader topic or at the interaction of several topics you may need to be more selective. With books you may want to read a few general surveys of your subject as well as any presenting original research. With journal articles and conference papers if there are abstracts (summaries) available you can use these to decide which are the most relevant articles, otherwise you will have to rely on the article/paper title. You may need to be flexible, especially if you are working to a short deadline, as not all items will be easily available.
Checking the library catalogue
Star, http://library.shef.ac.uk/ the online library catalogue, contains records of almost all of the library contents, except for some older materials held in the store, and you can check this for items found via bibliographies, bibliographical databases and any other source to see if the item is in the library's stock.
It is important that you make sure that you know what type of publication you are looking for so that you can input the right details into the catalogue: library catalogues do not index the individual articles, papers and chapters that you will have found via your search, only the publications in which they appear. For journals search by title and select the on the periodicals catalogue (SULOS), though keyword search may be more useful for journals which include the name of an organisation. The periodicals (SULOS) catalogue also includes the holdings of other libraries in Sheffield open to you, such as Sheffield Hallam University’s, the public library and the Health and Safety Executive’s. For conferences enter some of the words from the title of the conference, including conference/workshop etc as keywords and search the maincatalogue. For books use the author/editor and title or just the title and search the main catalogue. You shouldn't have a problem working out what the publication title is from the basic details of the record, but most databases have a section called source/publication/item type etc. which will clarify the matter for you if you are in doubt. Some databases offer a link to the library catalogue - this is not always reliable to so it's worth checking the catalogue independently if you get a negative result.
The bibliographical databases discussed above are indexes only and do not contain the full-text of documents, but many are now providing links to the databases which provide the full-text of journals in electronic form. You will only be able to view the full-text of articles in journals to which we have a subscription and only a few articles will be available via this route. Again, this information is not always reliable - you may be told that you don't have electronic access when we do, but not via that route. We may also have the journal, but in print. Always crosscheck the library catalogue which will tell you if we have the journal in print or electronic format or if it is available locally
Can I get hold of material not available locally?
The library has a very efficient Document Supply Service - see http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/services/ill2.html which can obtain items from other libraries for you. Articles from most academic journals should arrive quickly but there is no guarantee that we can obtain a specific item for you and even when items are available they may take some time to arrive. Again the abstracts are useful here - use these to make sure that the item is really important.
Also check the language if you have not limited your search to languages you can read - the articles title and the abstract are in English but the article may not be. Again, a note in the full record on the bibliographical database will indicate the language of the item
How do I present my search results?
The purpose of a literature search is to find the information you need about academic research in a topic you are working on yourself, whether it is for an undergraduate essay or original research. The results of your literature search, however, will also form part of the essay, dissertation etc.. You may be required to present a comprehensive bibliography containing all of the references you have found that are at all relevant to your subject; a selective bibliography to accompany a literature review which is an analysis of the key documents relating to your subject or a reference list which contains those documents which you actually refer to or use in your own research. You may also have to support your text by references to the individual items on which you have drawn via footnotes (which may appear at the foot of the page, or more usually at the end of a section or the whole work).
It is important that whenever you refer to an item you include the full citation as discussed above and that you format this citation correctly. There are a number of different conventions and you should seek guidance from your department as to its preferred system. In most cases the actual information included is the same with variations in formatting but in some subjects, such as Chemistry, there are specific requirements which differ from the standard. However, in the absence of any such guidelines, the library provides a guide to the Harvard system, one of the most widely accepted systems which will ensure that you include all of the information required and use a consistent format – see http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/hsl-dvc1.html. There is also a more general guide to writing a bibliography at http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/ml-rs11.html
Informal communications
This guide has concentrated on the means by which you can find formally published peer-reviewed academic literature but there have always been informal channels ofcommunication and the world wide web has made this informal material more widely available. It can be a useful complement to the more formal material but you must bear in mind that most is not peer-reviewed and this does not have the same authority as the materials we looked at above. It can still be quite difficult to trace but the subject guides at http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/docssub.html can help you. There is also the Research Discovery Network at http://www.rdn.ac.uk which is a gateway for the UK academic community to useful world wide web sites.
Other types of information
You are also likely to need a wide range of additional information to complete your piece of work, such as factual information, technical data, statistics etc. The subject guides http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/docssub.html at mentioned several times already will help you to find such material provided by the library and freely available on the World Wide Web.
http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/ml-rs17.pdf
A literature search is a systemic search of the various formal and informal publications used to disseminate academic research in order to find items relevant to your area of interest. The primary focus should be on the formal material which includes books from recognised academic publishers, articles published in refereed academic journals, conference papers and theses, all of which have had some form of peer or editorial review. There are specific services that enable you to undertake such searches: Library catalogues and bibliographical databases which index academic journals, conference proceedings and sometimes other types of academic publication. The more informal methods of communication (those which have not yet been submitted for peer-review) include technical reports, working papers, preprints from recognised individual researchers or research institutions - some of these are included in the bibliographical databases but most have to be traced through other means.
An effective literature search will establish that no-one else has already undertaken the piece of research that you are intending to undertake but also find any existing research that has already been done in related areas. No research is undertaken in a vacuum: your research will build on previous research and will in turn become one of the building blocks of the research of others. Reading previous research will enable you to acquire a broad understanding of your topic, to determine what are the key issues and to put your own area of interest into context.
Please note that a search of the World Wide Web is NOT a substitute for searching library catalogues and bibliographical databases to find relevant academic literature but can provide some useful additional sources, including the more informal material such as working papers and reports.
How do I do an effective literature search?
You need to identify the main types of publication used to disseminate original research in your subject area as this varies between disciplines, and then to discover the best tools to use to search for relevant items. Journal articles and conference papers are significant in all subject areas. Books are still very significant in the publication of original research in the humanities and social sciences, but are more rarely used for this purpose in pure science, engineering and medicine. Certain disciplines also have types of scholarly literature specific to them: these are usually the more informal materials such as working papers in economics and technical reports in science and engineering.
How do I search for books?
Original research in book form can be either a book by a single author (commonly known as the scholarly monograph) or a book containing a collection of chapters by different authors on their area of expertise within a particular subject. Even if books are not widely used to disseminate original research in your discipline, you will probably find it helpful to consult some books that give an overview of your subject, background or technical information and research methodologies.
Library catalogues
You can use library catalogues both to find what is available to you in libraries which you can access and also to find what has been published. Keyword is a term used for the words (or phrases) which describe your subject and most catalogues have a general search which may be called keyword or subject. Keyword search usually searches indexes of words taken from the title of the book, the subtitle and the series title if there is one. However, relying on this information alone is not always enough as few titles encompass all of the subjects covered by the book so most libraries also assign a range of subject headings, standard terms used to describe subjects, and these are included when you undertake a keyword search. Copac at http://www.copac.ac.uk/ is a union catalogue of over 20 UK research libraries plus the British Library.
Bibliographies
Printed bibliographies are a useful way of finding books, if there happens to be one available for your subject. Try searching Star using keywords and the word bibliography. If you don't find anything on your specific subject, try a broader subject term then see if there is a section on your topic. However, bear in mind that these will not contain recent references. Even a newly published one will probably not have anything published in the last year or so, so you would need to use some of the other sources listed to bring yourself up to date.
Bibliographical databases
The bibliographical databases, which will be described more fully in the section on journals below, are mainly indexes of journals and conference proceedings but some, particularly in the social sciences and humanities, include books. Even ones which only index journals and conferences may index book reviews, that is critical descriptions of recently published books, which often form part of the contents of journals. This is not a comprehensive search for books but it can be helpful in identifying significant books as these tend to be the ones reviewed and thus indexed. Most of the databases enable you to limit your search to books (if indexed) or to book reviews.
How can I find relevant journal articles, conference papers and theses?
Online bibliographical databases
The library subscribes to a range of online bibliographical databases which are the key resources to help you to identify relevant journal articles and conference papers. These databases are indexes containing records for individual journal articles, conference papers, theses etc. You can search the database in a number of ways, but the main purpose is to enable you to find records on a particular subject. They do not contain the full text of the publications but give what is known as the citation: authors and title of the article and full details of where it was published. This citation is very important - it gives you all the information you need to try to obtain the article and, when given in your bibliography (see below), will enable anyone reading your work to refer back to it. In some cases the record includes a summary, known as an abstract.
The databases hare updated regularly and will go back for a number of years, in some cases as many as 40. Access to these databases is limited to members of the University. Full information on access is given on the information page for each title which can be found by following the links from the subject guides. If you already know the name of a useful resource you can check the alphabetical table of databases and datasets at http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/cdlists/cdtable.html.
Printed indexes
Most of the online bibliographical databases to which the library subscribes evolved from printed indexes and if you want to find references which predate the coverage of the electronic databases you will have to refer to the print run. There are also one or two subject areas for which an electronic databases is not available so that the current coverage is also supplied by a print index. If you are using a print index you will have to look at the subject headings used in the index and see which are the ones closest to your subject area. The subject guide to resources include some print indexes, but you can also search the library catalogue using broad subject terms and the word index or abstract.
Theses
Theses can also be a useful source of original research and the library subscribes to Dissertations Abstracts at http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/cdfiles/dissabs.html which covers 500 universities worldwide but with an emphasis on North America and Index to Theses http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/cdfiles/intheses.html which covers the UK.
How can I find which resources to use?
Subject guides are available at http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/docssub.html or from Library Enquiry Desks. These cover a range of resources including online and print bibliographical resources.
How should I prepare my search?
Preparation is important. You need to think about the subject you want to research and prepare what is known as a search strategy so that you will find all the relevant material without too much that is irrelevant. This involves identifying the words and phrases which best describe your subject and how to link them together. When preparing your search strategy be aware that you are searching indexes of the words and phrases used in the title of the article and the abstract (the summary). In most databases you will also be searching an index based on descriptors or subject headings: these are standard terms assigned to each article so that all articles on a topic will have the same descriptor, regardless of the terminology used by the author. This is particularly helpful where there are differences in terminology between authors or countries and in newly evolving topics, where the terminology has not yet stabilised.
An accompanying guide to database searching at http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/ml-rs12.pdf gives you detailed guidance on constructing an effective search for use in electronic databases, particularly these bibliographical databases.
What have I got from my searches?
What you will retrieve from your search is a list of records which describe individual items. These will mainly be journal articles and conference papers but, in the case of some databases, chapters in books, technical reports and other documents.
For each item you are given what is know as the citation for that particular reference. For example, for a journal article the information will be the title of the article, the full list of authors, the title of the journal in which it is published with the volume, part, year and pages numbers at which it can be found. For a book you would see the author(s) or editor(s), the title, the date of publication, the publisher and/or place ofpublication and the edition if it is not the first edition. Any reference you make to the item should include all of this information.
In many databases there will be additional information: an abstract or summary will give you more information about the article and descriptors will help to establish which are the key topics covered by the article. You may need to click on a button to view the full information. This can help you to decide how important the article is to you.
You can use all of these pieces of information to decide whether the article is relevant. Most databases will allow you to mark the ones you want to retain. Look for tick boxes beside the individual records and then a button to click to create a list just containing the marked records.
Can I only search by subject?
The main function of bibliographical databases is to enable you to search for items on a particular subject but you can almost always search by author, so if you know that someone is writing on your subject then you can search for anything s/he has written. You can often also search for articles in a particular journal and some database offer further refinements, such as Web of Knowledge where you can search by institution.
Can I trace the history of research in my subject?
Almost all such published research will include a list of references: other articles, books etc that the author has referred to or used in the course of writing the article. The Web of Knowledge database (which covers all academic subjects) at http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/cdfiles/wos.html lists these for each article indexed - click on the cited reference button to find them.
There is also a button saying Related Records. This displays a list of articles whose cited reference lists include at least one of the sources cited by the original (parent) article. Articles that share the largest number of sources with the original article are listed first. The assumption behind related record searching is that articles whose reference lists include some of the same sources have a subject relationship, regardless of whether their titles, abstracts, or keywords contain the same terms. The Times Cited button will take you to list of articles indexed by the database which has in turn cited the article you are looking at.
There is also a Cited Reference search. You may know of an article may have started the whole line of research you are part of, or an author may be the key researcher in the subject. You can use Cited Reference search to find articles from journals that have cited a known article or author. Through a cited reference search, you can discover how a known idea or innovation has been confirmed, applied, improved, extended or corrected.
How do I manage the results of my searches?
What if I've only got a handful of records - or too many?
You may need to revise your search strategy on either library catalogues or bibliographical databases in light of the results you retrieve. For example, if you conduct a very specific search and only retrieve a small number of results you may need to supplement this with a slightly broader search. Alternatively, you might find that you are retrieving too many results and may need to find ways of narrowing the search. This may mean using more specific terms or finding ways of excluding irrelevant uses of some of the words you are using, if they can appear in several contexts. Look again at the information on constructing your search to help you with this. If not all of the references are relevant but you don't think that you can refine your search in a way that will easily exclude the less relevant ones, then you can use the mark facility to select those of interest.
Is that it?
Once you have obtained some of the items you have found during your search (see below) you should look at any lists of references or bibliographies as they may contain useful material. If you are undertaking the research over a long period, e.g. a 3rd year research project during a whole academic session, or a Master's Dissertation, then you should go back and rerun at least the most important searches again to find any new material.
How do I keep track of what I've done?
You will probably search several catalogues, databases or printed abstracts in order to do a comprehensive literature search and may need to run a range of searches. It is important therefore that you store your results systematically: create separate directories for each topic and each database and give each individual file a meaningful name. If your research is undertaken over period of more than a few weeks, you may want to rerun the search at intervals to pick up new materials, so it may be helpful include the date in the filename..
How do I save the results?
If you are using a library catalogue or a printed abstracts you may need to copy the details of the items retrieved into some permanent form. You should always make sure that whatever permanent record that you keep contains the full citation (as defined above) so that you can find the item yourself and so that you can cite it properly in your bibliography. You may find it helpful to use one of the
reference management applications
(see http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/refmant/refmant.html) designed to help you manage your references and create bibliographies.
Most electronic databases offer a variety of ways of preserving your results: you can print the screen, save to a file or send the results to yourself via email. You may also be also be able to export in a format suitable for downloading into one of the reference management applications.
How do I get hold of the originals?
Once you have found a reasonable number of references you need to think about which ones you want to read. If you are researching a fairly specific topic you may need to read everything that has been written on it already, if you are looking at a broader topic or at the interaction of several topics you may need to be more selective. With books you may want to read a few general surveys of your subject as well as any presenting original research. With journal articles and conference papers if there are abstracts (summaries) available you can use these to decide which are the most relevant articles, otherwise you will have to rely on the article/paper title. You may need to be flexible, especially if you are working to a short deadline, as not all items will be easily available.
Checking the library catalogue
Star, http://library.shef.ac.uk/ the online library catalogue, contains records of almost all of the library contents, except for some older materials held in the store, and you can check this for items found via bibliographies, bibliographical databases and any other source to see if the item is in the library's stock.
It is important that you make sure that you know what type of publication you are looking for so that you can input the right details into the catalogue: library catalogues do not index the individual articles, papers and chapters that you will have found via your search, only the publications in which they appear. For journals search by title and select the on the periodicals catalogue (SULOS), though keyword search may be more useful for journals which include the name of an organisation. The periodicals (SULOS) catalogue also includes the holdings of other libraries in Sheffield open to you, such as Sheffield Hallam University’s, the public library and the Health and Safety Executive’s. For conferences enter some of the words from the title of the conference, including conference/workshop etc as keywords and search the maincatalogue. For books use the author/editor and title or just the title and search the main catalogue. You shouldn't have a problem working out what the publication title is from the basic details of the record, but most databases have a section called source/publication/item type etc. which will clarify the matter for you if you are in doubt. Some databases offer a link to the library catalogue - this is not always reliable to so it's worth checking the catalogue independently if you get a negative result.
The bibliographical databases discussed above are indexes only and do not contain the full-text of documents, but many are now providing links to the databases which provide the full-text of journals in electronic form. You will only be able to view the full-text of articles in journals to which we have a subscription and only a few articles will be available via this route. Again, this information is not always reliable - you may be told that you don't have electronic access when we do, but not via that route. We may also have the journal, but in print. Always crosscheck the library catalogue which will tell you if we have the journal in print or electronic format or if it is available locally
Can I get hold of material not available locally?
The library has a very efficient Document Supply Service - see http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/services/ill2.html which can obtain items from other libraries for you. Articles from most academic journals should arrive quickly but there is no guarantee that we can obtain a specific item for you and even when items are available they may take some time to arrive. Again the abstracts are useful here - use these to make sure that the item is really important.
Also check the language if you have not limited your search to languages you can read - the articles title and the abstract are in English but the article may not be. Again, a note in the full record on the bibliographical database will indicate the language of the item
How do I present my search results?
The purpose of a literature search is to find the information you need about academic research in a topic you are working on yourself, whether it is for an undergraduate essay or original research. The results of your literature search, however, will also form part of the essay, dissertation etc.. You may be required to present a comprehensive bibliography containing all of the references you have found that are at all relevant to your subject; a selective bibliography to accompany a literature review which is an analysis of the key documents relating to your subject or a reference list which contains those documents which you actually refer to or use in your own research. You may also have to support your text by references to the individual items on which you have drawn via footnotes (which may appear at the foot of the page, or more usually at the end of a section or the whole work).
It is important that whenever you refer to an item you include the full citation as discussed above and that you format this citation correctly. There are a number of different conventions and you should seek guidance from your department as to its preferred system. In most cases the actual information included is the same with variations in formatting but in some subjects, such as Chemistry, there are specific requirements which differ from the standard. However, in the absence of any such guidelines, the library provides a guide to the Harvard system, one of the most widely accepted systems which will ensure that you include all of the information required and use a consistent format – see http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/hsl-dvc1.html. There is also a more general guide to writing a bibliography at http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/ml-rs11.html
Informal communications
This guide has concentrated on the means by which you can find formally published peer-reviewed academic literature but there have always been informal channels ofcommunication and the world wide web has made this informal material more widely available. It can be a useful complement to the more formal material but you must bear in mind that most is not peer-reviewed and this does not have the same authority as the materials we looked at above. It can still be quite difficult to trace but the subject guides at http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/docssub.html can help you. There is also the Research Discovery Network at http://www.rdn.ac.uk which is a gateway for the UK academic community to useful world wide web sites.
Other types of information
You are also likely to need a wide range of additional information to complete your piece of work, such as factual information, technical data, statistics etc. The subject guides http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/docssub.html at mentioned several times already will help you to find such material provided by the library and freely available on the World Wide Web.
http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/ml-rs17.pdf
On April 22 FTP resources account number
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Ftp://www.zingking.com:yy@218.16.123.69:58021
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Ftp://list:list@221.6.7.105:21
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Account number: Xd_down
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Port: 2,550
Xdownbbs.com RMVB movie FTP
Ftp://xd_down:bbs.xdownbbs.com-3321$! ##@ftp20.xdownbbs.com/
Movie account number password
Ftp://ftp.xjjt.com
Downloading account number: Down-bingbo
Downloading password: LJ521687
Magnificent film and television FTP
Ftp://www.eastgame.net:rtm6ugf57@tlfs43.3322.org:2001/
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Account number: Yuyu18_dvdrip
Password: The fish fish shade welcome you
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IP: Ftp1.cn0919.com
Port: 21
User: Www.cn0919.com
Password: Uuuuuuuuuedtwerwaewa
Ftp://www.zingking.com:yy@218.16.123.69:58021
Has garden FTP (soap opera, synthesis skill)
Ftp://list:list@221.6.7.105:21
Xdownbbs.com sport program ftp account number password
Account number: Xd_down
Password: Bbs.xdownbbs.com-@&354134
Address: Ftp13.xdownbbs.com
Port: 2,550
Xdownbbs.com RMVB movie FTP
Ftp://xd_down:bbs.xdownbbs.com-3321$! ##@ftp20.xdownbbs.com/
Movie account number password
Ftp://ftp.xjjt.com
Downloading account number: Down-bingbo
Downloading password: LJ521687
Magnificent film and television FTP
Ftp://www.eastgame.net:rtm6ugf57@tlfs43.3322.org:2001/
Fish fish main force piece source DVDRIP server (password renewal)
IP: Dy1.yuyu18.com
Port: 1,088
Account number: Yuyu18_dvdrip
Password: The fish fish shade welcome you
Chinese source interaction theater 1 FTP (password renewal)
IP: Ftp1.cn0919.com
Port: 21
User: Www.cn0919.com
Password: Uuuuuuuuuedtwerwaewa
